Pre-eclampsia is a serious pregnancy complication that can affect both the mother and the baby. It usually occurs after the 20th week of pregnancy and is characterized by high blood pressure and the presence of protein in the urine. This blog explains what pre-eclampsia is, its causes, risk factors, how to detect it, and the available treatment options.
What is pre-eclampsia?
Pre-eclampsia is a condition that occurs during pregnancy and can affect blood pressure and organ function. It can lead to serious complications, such as liver, kidney, and brain damage in the mother. The baby can also be affected, with risks like growth restrictions and preterm birth.
What are the causes of pre-eclampsia?
The exact cause of pre-eclampsia is not fully understood, but several theories exist. It is generally believed that the placenta plays a central role. In women with pre-eclampsia, the placenta may not be properly nourished, leading to poor oxygen supply for the baby and the release of harmful substances into the mother's bloodstream. This can raise blood pressure and increase the risk of organ damage.
Risk factors for pre-eclampsia
Several factors can increase the risk of developing pre-eclampsia. The most common risk factors include:
First-time pregnancy: Women expecting their first baby are more likely to develop pre-eclampsia.
Previous pre-eclampsia: Women who have had pre-eclampsia in a previous pregnancy are at higher risk of recurrence.
Hypertension and kidney diseases: Pre-existing conditions, such as hypertension or kidney diseases, increase the risk.
Obesity: Overweight and obesity are also risk factors.
Multiple pregnancies: Twin or multiple pregnancies increase the risk.
Family history: A family history of pre-eclampsia can also be a risk factor.
Prevention of pre-eclampsia
Although pre-eclampsia cannot always be prevented, some strategies can reduce the risk. These include:
Early screening: Early detection of pre-eclampsia is crucial. High-risk women should be regularly monitored for signs of high blood pressure and protein in the urine. This includes regular blood pressure checks and urine tests from the 12th week of pregnancy.
Aspirin for prevention: Studies have shown that taking low-dose aspirin (e.g., 100 mg daily) in high-risk women can significantly reduce the risk. The ASPRE trial (Aspirin for Evidence-Based Pre-eclampsia Prevention Trial) demonstrated that early administration of aspirin, when started before the 16th week of pregnancy, can reduce the risk of pre-eclampsia by up to 80%.
How to recognize pre-eclampsia?
The symptoms of pre-eclampsia can be subtle, but the most common signs include:
High blood pressure: A systolic value above 140 mmHg or a diastolic value above 90 mmHg.
Proteinuria: The presence of protein in the urine.
Swelling: Excessive swelling, particularly in the hands and feet.
Headaches: Persistent, severe headaches.
Visual disturbances: Blurred vision or light flashes.
Abdominal pain: Especially on the right upper side of the abdomen, which may indicate liver damage.
Treatment of pre-eclampsia
Pre-eclampsia is managed based on its severity and the stage of pregnancy. In mild cases, regular monitoring and medications to control blood pressure may be sufficient. If the condition worsens, hospital care may be needed, including medications to prevent complications like seizures. The only definitive treatment is delivering the baby, with timing depending on the mother’s and baby’s health. After delivery, symptoms usually improve, but close monitoring continues to ensure a safe recovery.
Conclusion
Although preeclampsia can be serious, early detection and proper medical management can significantly reduce its risks. Being aware of the symptoms, implementing preventive strategies such as low-dose aspirin for high-risk patients, and receiving quality prenatal care are essential for safeguarding the health of both mother and baby. If you are pregnant or planning a pregnancy, consult your healthcare provider to assess your risk factors and ensure personalized care. A well-monitored pregnancy leads to greater peace of mind.
Kind regards,
Dr. Sandra Yene Amougui
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